目录
更新日期:2025年10月10日
姓 名 李玉华 性 别
民 族 汉族 导师层次 博士导师
技术职称 教授 导师类型 学术&专业型
最后学历 博士研究生毕业 最后学位 医学博士学位
行政职务 主任 Email liyuhua2011gz@163.com
工作单位 南方医科大学珠江医院 邮政编码 510220
个人简介

  南方医科大学珠江医院血液内科科室主任,教授,主任医师,博士生导师。为教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省杰出青年医学人才、羊城好医生、校级教学名师。担任中国医师协会血液科医师分会常务委员、中国研究型医院学会血液病精准诊疗专业委员会副主任委员、中国抗癌协会血液肿瘤整合康复专业委员会副主任委员、广东省医师协会血液科医师分会主任委员、精准免疫细胞治疗技术广东省工程研究中心负责人广东省医学会血液病学分会副主任委员、广东省基层医药学会血液病学专业委员会主任委员、广东省女医师协会副会长、《临床血液学》编委、《中国肿瘤生物治疗》编委、《blood(中文版)》编委、《Organ Medicine》编委、《血栓与止血学》编委常委、Experimental Hematology & Oncology审稿专家、《中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志》审稿专家等。

  长期致力于恶性血液肿瘤的临床和基础研究,并积极推动研究成果的临床转化,主要代表性业绩成果如下:

  1、创建白血病靶向免疫治疗体系:构建首个Eps8新靶点白血病疫苗体系,建立完整免疫靶向治疗路径,获国家发明专利10项、美国发明专利1项,形成自主知识产权布局;以第一作者或通讯作者(含共同通讯)在Nat Nano、Nat Biomed Eng、PNAS等SCI杂志上发表论文70余篇,其中发表于《Nature Biomedical Engineering》(IF=29.2)上的代表性成果被《Science Translational Medicine》专题评述并高度评价 “具有显著临床转化价值”。
  2、规范CAR-T治疗路径与突破性创新:作为主导者之一,推动CAR-T治疗规范化发展:主导制定CAR-T全流程管理专家共识,主编/参编专家共识及指南12部,建立行业技术标准;突破中枢淋巴瘤治疗禁区:首次将CD19/CD70双靶点CAR-T应用于中枢淋巴瘤治疗,获哈佛医学院Maus教授在《Cancer Cell》(IF=50.3)正面引用及方法学推荐。
  3、创新免疫治疗策略,首次提出“CAR-T联合DC疫苗治疗复发难治白血病”新策略,成果发表于Am J Hematol(IF=10.9,1区);牵头组建华南CAR-T细胞治疗联盟,推广“CAR-T细胞联合DC疫苗”、 “CAR-T细胞桥接靶向药”等新的免疫治疗策略至华南10余家三甲医院,研究成果获得广东医学科技二等奖1项、中国女医师协会五洲女子科技奖1项。
  4、参与构建血液肿瘤教育新体系:副主编国家卫生健康委员会“十四五”规划临床医学专业第二轮器官-系统整合教材《血液系统与疾病》(人卫出版社,2021),推动血液系统疾病诊疗规范纳入国家级教学体系;主编“十四五”普通高等教育规划教材《血液与肿瘤疾病》(科学出版社),创新性融合基础理论与临床实践;主编学术专著《血液系统恶性疾病免疫治疗学》(科学出版社,2021),系统构建免疫治疗知识框架,全方位引领血液肿瘤学科教育发展。

 

研究领域
1、CAR-T细胞治疗的技术创新与临床规范化:
李玉华教授是国内较早开展CAR-T细胞治疗的领军专家之一,致力于开发整合特异性细胞衔接器赋能新型CAR-T细胞和构建靶向调控肿瘤微环境的新型CAR-T细胞,以增强肿瘤微环境免疫重塑并协同强化CAR-T细胞抗肿瘤效应。成功将CD19/CD70双靶点CAR-T技术应用于中枢神经系统淋巴瘤这一治疗禁区,取得了全球瞩目的突破。主导制定CAR-T治疗全流程管理的专家共识和指南,建立行业技术标准,推动治疗的规范化和安全性。牵头组建华南CAR-T细胞治疗联盟,将先进的CAR-T治疗策略推广至华南地区多家医院,并培养了大量的专业人才。
2、恶性血液肿瘤的靶向免疫治疗
李教授致力于开发新型免疫治疗靶点和技术,构建了具有自主知识产权的Eps8新靶点白血病疫苗体系,并获得了多项国内外发明专利。同时,将具有自主知识产权的疫苗技术与国际前沿免疫治疗CAR-T技术相结合,首次提出“靶向Eps8特异性白血病疫苗联合CAR-T治疗新策略”,用于治疗复发难治性白血病并获得优异的临床研究结果,相关成果发表于国际高水平期刊。
3. 造血干细胞移植技术的优化与全流程管理
李教授带领团队在造血干细胞移植领域积累了丰富经验,年均开展移植200余例,位居全国前列。团队致力于攻克高难度移植技术,完善移植前、中、后的全流程管理路径。在处理各类移植相关并发症方面形成自身优势和特色,显著提升了移植成功率和患者生存质量,造福无数海内外血液病患者。
4. 血液肿瘤的临床转化研究与学科教育体系建设
李玉华教授积极推动基础研究成果向临床应用的转化,并致力于构建系统的学科教育体系。
个人成果

[1]. Wang C#, Zhang W#, He Y#, Gao Z, Liu L, Yu S, Hu Y, Wang S, Zhao C, Li H, Shi J, Zhou W, Li F, Yue H, Li Y*, Wei W*, Ma G*, Ma D*. Ferritin-based targeted delivery of arsenic to diverse leukaemia types confers strong anti-leukaemia therapeutic effects. Nat Nanotechnol. 2021 Dec;16(12):1413-1423.(IF=34.9)

[2]. Xie X#, Hu Y#, Ye T#, Chen Y, Zhou L, Li F, Xi X, Wang S, He Y, Gao X, Wei W*, Ma G*Li Y*. Therapeutic vaccination against leukaemia via the sustained release of co-encapsulated anti-PD-1 and a leukaemia-associated antigen. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021 May;5(5):414-428.(IF=26.6)

[3]. Huang Y*, Qin Y, He Y, Qiu D, Zheng Y, Wei J, Zhang L, Yang DH*Li Y*. Advances in molecular targeted drugs in combination with CAR-T cell therapy for hematologic malignancies. Drug Resist Updat. 2024 May;74:101082.(IF=21.7)

[4]. Wang H#, Guan T#, Hu R#, Huang Z, Liang Z, Lin X, Qiu Y, Liao P, Guo X, Ke Y, Zhang H*, Ou C*, Li Y*. Targeting KAT7 inhibits the progression of colorectal cancer. Theranostics. 2025 Jan 2;15(4):1478-1495.(IF=13.3)

[5]. Xia X#, Yang Z#, Lu Q#, Liu Z, Wang L, Du J, Li Y*, Yang DH*, Wu S*. Reshaping the tumor immune microenvironment to improve CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2024 Aug 26;23(1):175.(IF=33.9)

[6]. Zhang H#, Wang H#, Hu Y#, Gao Y, Chen J, Meng Y, Qiu Y, Hu R, Liao P, Li M, He Y, Liang Z, Xie X*, Li Y*. Targeting PARP14 with lomitapide suppresses drug resistance through the activation of DRP1-induced mitophagy in multiple myeloma. Cancer Lett. 2024 Apr 28;588:216802.(IF=10.1)

[7]. Tu S#, Zhou L#, Huang R, Zhou X, Yang J, He Y, Hu Y, Zhang H, Xie X, Li Y*. Dendritic cell vaccines extend CAR T-cell persistence and improve the efficacy of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in refractory or relapsed adult B-ALL patients. Am J Hematol. 2024 Jul;99(7):1437-1440.(IF=9.9)

[8]. Huang S#, Wang X#, Wang Y#, Wang Y#, Fang C, Wang Y, Chen S, Chen R, Lei T, Zhang Y, Xu X*, Li Y*. Deciphering and advancing CAR T-cell therapy with single-cell sequencing technologies. Mol Cancer. 2023 May 6;22(1):80.(IF=33.9)

[9]. Wu X#, Jiao Z#, Zhang J, Li F, Li Y*. Expression of TFRC helps to improve the antineoplastic effect of Ara-C on AML cells through a targeted delivery carrier. J Nanobiotechnology. 2023 Apr 11;21(1):126.(IF=12.6)

[10]. Qiu Y#, Liao P#, Wang H#, Chen J, Hu Y, Hu R, Zhang H, Li Z, Cao M, Yang Y, Li M, Xie X*, Li Y*. Enhanced tumor immunotherapy by polyfunctional CD19-CAR T cells engineered to secrete anti-CD47 single-chain variable fragment. Int J Biol Sci. 2023 Sep 18;19(15):4948-4966.(IF=10.0)

[11]. Wang H#, Qiu Y#, Zhang H#, Chang N, Hu Y, Chen J, Hu R, Liao P, Li Z, Yang Y, Cen Q, Ding X, Li M, Xie X*, Li Y*. Histone acetylation by HBO1 (KAT7) activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote leukemogenesis in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Death Dis. 2023 Aug 4;14(8):498.(IF=9.6)

[12]. Xu B#, Zhou Z#, Wen Y, Li Z, Huang Z*, Li Y*. The immunometabolic landscape of the bone marrow microenvironment in acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2022 Oct 28;11(1):81.(IF=13.5)

[13]. Xiao X#, Huang S#, Chen S, Wang Y, Sun Q, Xu X*, Li Y*. Mechanisms of cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity of CAR T-cell therapy and associated prevention and management strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Nov 18;40(1):367.(IF=12.8)

[14]. Qiu Y#, Chen T#, Hu R#, Zhu R, Li C, Ruan Y, Xie X*, Li Y*. Next frontier in tumor immunotherapy: macrophage-mediated immune evasion. Biomark Res. 2021 Oct 9;9(1):72.(IF=11.5)

[15]. Li M#, Yang J#, Zhang L#, Tu S, Zhou X, Tan Z, Zhou W*, He Y*, Li Y*. A low-molecular-weight compound exerts anticancer activity against breast and lung cancers by disrupting EGFR/Eps8 complex formation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019 May 22. (IF=12.8)

[16]. Chen Y#, Xie X#, Wu A, Wang L, Hu Y, Zhang H, Li Y*. A synthetic cell-penetrating peptide derived from nuclear localization signal of EPS8 exerts anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018. 37(1):12. (IF=12.8)

[17]. Chen J#, Cen Q#, Hu R#, Qiu Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Hu Y*, Xie X*, Li Y*. Administration of lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA encoding CCR7, CXCL16 and GITRL effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jul;318(Pt 1):144766.(IF=8.5)

[18]. Wu S#, Wei Y#, Qiu Y#, Ai K#, Chen M, Wang H, Zhang H, Cen Q, Liao P, Ding X, Xie X*, Li Y*. Inhibition of VEGF signaling prevents exhaustion and enhances anti-leukemia efficacy of CAR-T cells via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Transl Med. 2025 Apr 30;23(1):494.(IF=7.5)

[19]. Wang L#, Yue C, Zhou X, Yang J, Jin B, Wang B, Huang M, Chen H, Zhou L, Tu S, Li Y*. Efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy combined with zanubrutinib in the treatment of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 2025 Mar 20;138(6):748-750.(IF=7.3)

[20]. Tu S#, Li P#, Mei H#, Liu Y#, Hu Y, Liu P, Zou D, Niu T, Xu K, Wang L, Yang J, Zhao M, Huang X, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhao W, Wu D, Ma J, Qian W, Han W*, Li Y*, Liang A*. Chinese expert consensus on integrated case management by a multidisciplinary team in CAR-T cell therapy for lymphoma. Chin Med J (Engl). 2025 Aug 20;138(16):1894-1896.(IF=7.3)

[21]. Zhang H#, Chen J#, Meng Y#, Cen Q, Wang H, Ding X, Ai K, Yang Y, Gao Y, Qiu Y, Hu Y, Li M*, He Y*, Li Y*. Overexpression of Pin1 regulated by TOP2A, which subsequently stabilizes Pyk2 to promote bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancer Gene Ther. 2025 Jan;32(1):22-37.(IF=5.0)

[22]. Cen Q#, Chen J, Guo J, Chen M, Wang H, Wu S, Zhang H, Xie X*, Li Y*. CLPs-miR-103a-2-5p inhibits proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis in AML cells by targeting LILRB3 and Nrf2/HO-1 axis, regulating CD8 + T cell response. J Transl Med. 2024 Mar 14;22(1):278.(IF=7.5)

[23]. Huang R#, He H#, Xu X#, Lin X#, Dong Y, Wang X, Jiang F, Huang P, Mo S, Huang Z, Wang Y, Tao H, Zheng Y, Wu M, Yang C, Zheng Z, Zhao Y*, Zhang Y*, Li Y*. Venetoclax plus a hypomethylating agent versus cytarabine, aclarubicin, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor chemotherapy as a first-line therapy for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: A propensity score-matched analysis. Cancer. 2024 Jul 15;130(14):2472-2481.(IF=5.1)

[24]. Xie X#, Zhang W#, Zhou X, Xu B, Wang H, Qiu Y, Hu Y, Guo B, Ye Z, Hu L, Zhang H, Li Y*, Bai X*. Low doses of IFN-γmaintain self-renewal of leukemia stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene. 2023 Dec;42(50):3657-3669.(IF=7.3)

[25]. Xie X#, Zhang W#, Xiao M, Wei T, Qiu Y, Qiu J, Wang H, Qiu Z, Zhang S, Pan Y, Mao L, Li Y, Guo B, Yang W, Hu Y, Hu S, Gong Y, Yang J, Xiao G*, Zhang Y*, Bai X*. TREM2 acts as a receptor for IL-34 to suppress acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Blood. 2023 Jun 29;141(26):3184-3198.(IF=23.1)

[26]. Wang Y#, Morishima T#, Sezaki M, Sato R, Nakato G, Fukuda S, Kobiyama K, Ishii KJ, Li Y*, Takizawa H*. Akkermansia muciniphila induces slow extramedullary hematopoiesis via cooperative IL-1R/TLR signals. EMBO Rep. 2023 Dec 6;24(12):e57485.(IF=6.2)

[27]. Qiu Y#, Xu B#, Feng J#, Wang C, Chen Y, He Y, Xie X*, Li Y*. Loss of EPS8 sensitizes non-small-cell lung carcinoma to chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. Cancer Gene Ther. 2023 Jul;30(7):997-1006.(IF=5.0)

[28]. Zhao K#, Lin R#, Fan Z#, Chen X#, Wang Y#, Huang F, Xu N, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xuan L, Wang S, Lin D, Deng L, Nie D, Weng J, Li Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Xiang AP*, Liu Q*. Mesenchymal stromal cells plus basiliximab, calcineurin inhibitor as treatment of steroid-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease: a multicenter, randomized, phase 3, open-label trial. J Hematol Oncol. 2022 Mar 7;15(1):22.(IF=40.4)

[29]. Li KX#, Wu HY#, Pan WY, Guo MQ, Qiu DZ, He YJ, Li YH, Yang DH*, Huang YX*. A novel approach for relapsed/refractory FLT3mut+ acute myeloid leukaemia: synergistic effect of the combination of bispecific FLT3scFv/NKG2D-CAR T cells and gilteritinib. Mol Cancer. 2022 Mar 4;21(1):66.(IF=33.9)

[30]. Chen S#, Zhang Y#, Fang C#, Zhang N, Wang Y, Chen R, Li Y*, Tu S*. Donor-derived and off-the-shelf allogeneic anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for R/R ALL and NHL: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022 Nov;179:103807.(IF=5.6)

[31]. Han S#, Zhou L#, Chen Y, Zhou X, Guo Z, Yang J, Jin B, Liu Y, Chang LJ, Li Y*, Tu S*. The role of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation as consolidation after anti-CD19 CAR-T cell therapy in adults with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a prospective cohort study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2022 Mar;57(3):513-516.(IF=5.2)

[32]. Wu HY#, Li KX, Pan WY, Guo MQ, Qiu DZ, He YJ, Li YH, Huang YX*. Venetoclax enhances NK cell killing sensitivity of AML cells through the NKG2D/NKG2DL activation pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Mar;104:108497.(IF=4.7)

[33]. Xiao M#, Zhang W#, Liu W, Mao L, Yang J, Hu L, Zhang S, Zheng Y, Liu A, Song Q, Li Y, Xiao G, Zou Z*, Bai X*. Osteocytes regulate neutrophil development through IL-19: a potent cytokine for neutropenia treatment. Blood. 2021 Jun 24;137(25):3533-3547.(IF=23.1)

[34]. Xu B#, Hu R#, Liang Z, Chen T, Chen J, Hu Y, Jiang Y*, Li Y*. Metabolic regulation of the bone marrow microenvironment in leukemia. Blood Rev. 2021 Jul;48:100786.(IF=5.823)

[35]. Chang YJ#, Wu DP#, Lai YR#, Liu QF, Sun YQ, Hu J, Hu Y, Zhou JF, Li J, Wang SQ, Li W, Du X, Lin DJ, Ren HY, Chen FP, Li YH, Zhang X, Huang H, Song YP, Jiang M, Hu JD, Liang YM, Wang JB, Xiao Y, Huang XJ*. Antithymocyte Globulin for Matched Sibling Donor Transplantation in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Oct 10;38(29):3367-3376.(IF=41.9)

[36]. Chen Y#, Xie X#, Wang C#, Hu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Tu S, He Y, Li Y*. Dual targeting of NUAK1 and ULK1 using the multitargeted inhibitor MRT68921 exerts potent antitumor activities. Cell Death Dis. 2020 Sep 1;11(8):712.(IF=6.304)

[37]. Wang Y#, Zhang L#, Tang X, Luo J, Tu Z, Jiang K, Ren X, Xu F, Chan S, Li Y*, Zhang Z*, Ding K*. GZD824 as a FLT3, FGFR1 and PDGFRαInhibitor Against Leukemia In Vitro and In Vivo. Transl Oncol. 2020 Apr;13(4):100766.(IF=3.558)

[38]. Nie Y#, Lu W#, Chen D#, Tu H, Guo Z, Zhou X, Li M, Tu S*, Li Y*. Mechanisms underlying CD19-positive ALL relapse after anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy and associated strategies. Biomark Res. 2020 May 27;8:18.(IF=4.866)

[39]. Xie X#, Chen Y#, Hu Y#, He Y, Zhang H, Li Y*. Lenalidomide Augments the Antitumor Activities of Eps8 Peptide-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther. 2019 Dec;18(12):2258-2269.(IF=5.615)

[40]. Xu X#, Sun Q#, Liang X#, Chen Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Li M, Tu H, Liu Y, Tu S*, Li Y*. Mechanisms of Relapse After CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Prevention and Treatment Strategies. Front Immunol. 2019 Nov 12; 10:2664.(IF=5.085)

[41]. Tu S#, Huang R#, Guo Z, Deng L, Song C, Zhou X, Yue C, Zhang L, He Y, Yang J, Liang Z, Du J, Cao P, Li Y, Chang LJ*, Li YH*. Shortening the ex vivo culture of CD19-specific CAR T-cells retains potent efficacy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia without CAR T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome or severe cytokine release syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2019 Dec;94(12): E322-E325.(IF=6.973)

[42]. Zhang H#, Zhou L#, Zhou W#, Xie X, Wu M, Chen Y, Hu Y, Du J, He Y, Li Y*. EPS8-mediated regulation of multiple myeloma cell growth and survival. Am J Cancer Res. 2019 Aug 1;9(8):1622-1634.(IF=5.177)

[43]. Li M#, Yang J#, Zhang L#, Tu S, Zhou X, Tan Z, Zhou W*, He Y*, Li Y*. A low-molecular-weight compound exerts anticancer activity against breast and lung cancers by disrupting EGFR/Eps8 complex formation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019 May 22;38(1):211.(IF=7.068)

[44]. Wu MR#, Zhang LT#, Zhang HZ, Ning JX, Tu SF, He YJ, Li YH*. CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Redirected T Cells Combined with Eps8 Peptide Derived Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Leukemia. Cytotherapy. 2019 Jun;21(6):659-670.(IF=4.218)

[45]. Xie X#, Zhou W#, Hu Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Li Y*. A dual-function epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (Eps8)-derived peptide exhibits a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte-activating effect and a specific inhibitory activity. Cell Death Dis. 2018 Mar 7;9(3):379.(IF=6.304)

[46]. Chen Y#, Xie X#, Wu A, Wang L, Hu Y, Zhang H, Li Y*. A synthetic cell-penetrating peptide derived from nuclear localization signal of EPS8 exerts anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018, 37:12.(IF=7.068)

[47]. Huang R#, Hayashi Y#, Yan X, Bu J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wu L, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou J, Xiao Z, Bridges JP, Marsh RA, Zhang K, Jordan MB, Li Y*, Huang G*. HIF1A is a critical downstream mediator for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Haematologica. 2017 Nov. 102(11):1956-1968. (IF=7.9)

[48]. Huang R#, Hayashi Y#, Yan X, Bu J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wu L, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou J, Xiao Z, Bridges JP, Marsh RA, Zhang K, Jordan MB, Li Y*, Huang G*. HIF1A is a critical downstream mediator for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Haematologica. 2017 Nov;102(11):1956-1968.(IF=7.116)

[49]. Li D#, Wang L, Hou J, Shen Q, Chen Q, Wang X, Du J, Cai X, Shan Y, Zhang T, Zhou T, Shi X, Li Y*, Zhang H*, Pan G*.Optimized-Approaches for Generation of Integration-free iPSCs from Human Urine-Derived Cells with Small Molecules and Autologous Feeder. Stem Cell Reports. 2016. 6(5):717-728. (IF=5.1)

[50]. Li Y*, Zhou W#, Du J, Jiang C, Xie X, Xue T, He Y*. Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for native or modified peptides derived from the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64(2): 259-269. (IF=5.442)

[51]. Li Y#, Wang S, Scarpellini G, Gunn B, Xin W, Wanda SY, Roland KL, Curtiss RR*. Evaluation of new generation Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccines with regulated delayed attenuation to induce immune responses against PspA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106(2):593-598. (IF=9.412)